Swainson's Hawks appear to have a strong sense of nest site fidelity. The species is at least single-brood monogamous, with several reports of relatively long-term mate fidelity over years; an unusual occurrence in a long distance migrant. New nests may be constructed old nests refurbished, or the nests of other species, including those of Common Raven, Black-billed Magpie, and American Crow, refurbished. In one study, 50 percent of pairs built new nests each year. Construction can begin seven to 15 days after arrival and may take two weeks. In one study, males brought and arranged most nesting materials.
The Swainson's Hawk typically nests in isolated prairie trees or bushes, shelterbelts, riparian groves, or around abandoned homesteads. Occasionally, a pair will nest on the ground or on a bank or ledge. Nest trees and bushes include ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, spruce, cottonwood, domestic poplar, aspen, elm, mesquite, willow, saguaro cactus, and soaptree yuccas. Nests are located from nine to 15 feet (2.8 to 4.7 meters) above the ground, often in the shaded canopy but near the top of the tree. Nests are flimsy structures, usually smaller than the nests of the Red-tailed Hawk, and often blow down after nesting season. Exterior diameters average about two feet (0.6 meters); nest height about one foot (0.3 meters); bowl diameter up to 8 inches (20.3 centimeters); and bowl depth about 2.5 inches (6.3 centimeters). The cup is lined with fine twigs, bark, forbs and sometimes dry dung. Green sprigs are added, particularly during the earlier stages of nesting.
Clutch size ranges from one to four eggs, but averages two to three eggs. Each egg is short elliptical or elliptical in shape and is, on average, 2.24 inches (57 millimeters) long and 1.73 inches (44 millimeters) wide. The egg is smooth with fine granulation's and the ground color is white, often tinted bluish or greenish. During incubation the shell color quickly wears to dull white. Some eggs are plain; others are lightly marked with spots and blotches of light brown. The incubation period is 34 to 35 days, with the female incubating while the male brings food. Young are fed small, mainly young mammals. Flight feathers begin to emerge on the young at nine to 11 days. High nestling mortality often occurs when the young are 15 to 30 days old and may be a function of fratricide. The young begin to leave the nest for surrounding branches at 33 to 37 days, fledging at about 38 to 46 days. The fledged young are dependent upon their parents for four to 4.5 weeks. This species has one brood a year and apparently does not lay replacement clutches.
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